Three months since journeying more than 700 miles (1,130 kms)from his village in Chhattisgarh to take a job in this bustling city near the capital, New Delhi, Charan is already looking forward to a 10 per cent pay rise. He isn't an engineer or programmer. He hauls bricks and sand at a local construction site for less than $100 a month.
India's biggest cities face a worsening shortage of migrant manual labourers like 26-year-old Charan, who goes by only one name. While India has long suffered from a dearth of workers with vocational skills like plumbers and electricians, efforts to alleviate poverty in poor, rural areas have helped stifle what was once a flood of cheap, unskilled labour from India's poorest states.
Struggling to cope with soaring food prices, this dwindling supply of migrant workers are demanding - and increasingly getting - rapid increases in pay and benefits.
"After paying for food we are left with almost nothing. We need a wage hike," said Charan, who sends a part of whatever he and his wife, who works at the same site, manage to save to their parents back home in Chhattisgarh.
If their employer refuses to give them an adequate raise, they are confident they'll find better-paying jobs at one of the hundreds of other sites dotted around Gurgaon.
Such gains by migrants and the rural poor don't come without a cost to the rest of the country.
More than pressuring corporate profits, these rapid blue-collar wage increases threaten efforts to quell inflation by new Reserve Bank of India (RBI) chief, Raghuram Rajan, the former International Monetary Fund economist who took over as governor at the RBI in September. Rajan has made price stability a policy priority, calling it a prerequisite for reviving economic growth that has slipped to 5 per cent a year, the lowest in a decade.
Despite little evidence that interest rates can control food prices, Rajan has raised rates twice since taking over to prevent food-price inflation from spilling over into the wider economy. He has warned of another hike next month if prices don't cool significantly.
"India has become a high-cost economy," said Devendra Kumar Pant, chief economist at India Ratings & Research. "Persistently high inflation is a recipe for disaster."
Take onions, which figure in almost every Indian meal. Prices for onions shot up 190 per cent to $1.60 a kilogram in the past year, making them more expensive in India than in the United States, where incomes are roughly 35 times higher. That helped push vegetable prices up 95 per cent in the past year and pushed India's headline inflation rate in November to 7.5 per cent, a 14-month high.
And while vegetable prices are expected to start easing next month following a bumper harvest, subsidised government purchases of grains and rising farming costs mean overall food inflation is not likely to slow down much.
Rural programmes
Farming costs are also being driven higher by a government-run, rural employment guarantee programme that uses public works projects to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment each financial year to each rural household with adult members willing to work on irrigation, reforestation, soil conservation and road construction.
Since its rollout in 2006, the programme has helped boost livelihoods on poor Indian farms. In the largely rural Andhra Pradesh, according to one study, the programme has enabled households to boost spending by a tenth, and raise spending on items other than food by almost a quarter.
Rural wage increases have jumped, from 2.7 per cent a year before the programme to 9.7 per cent after its passage. Since 2009, nominal agricultural wages have climbed by more than a fifth a year, with non-farm rural wages up almost 17 per cent.
Adding to wage inflation is a pickup in economic activity and job creation in laggard states of central and eastern India, which in the past used to be the main source of migrant labour.
Improved law and order and greater focus on development have helped boost growth in poorer states such as northeastern Bihar, whose economy has been growing by roughly 11 per cent a year since 2006.
While that's not enough to reverse India's broader economic slowdown, migration of workers has dramatically slowed down.
With jobs and wages rising so fast at home, big cities offer less of a lure to rural workers. Bihar estimates that immigration of unskilled workers last year dropped by two-fifths. That's shutting down an important source of workers for industries that have come to rely on them, particularly the construction sector that accounts for 8 per cent of India's GDP.
"Wages in states like Bihar are more or less comparable to those in Delhi," said Ram Kumar, a contractor who supplies workers to different construction projects around Gurgaon. "But the cost of living is much cheaper than Delhi. So there's not much to gain from coming to big cities."
Add-on benefits
Wages for blue-collar workers, skilled and unskilled, are growing by an estimated 15 per cent a year, according to government data, faster than the 6 per cent average inflation rate, but barely above the 13 per cent average annual increase in food prices. Construction workers have managed to do better, with wages rising at an average of 18 per cent annually since 2009, according to data from India's Construction Industry Development Council, a joint government-private sector body.
"Inflation is leading to the need to increase wages," said Kumar Gera, Chairman at Gera Developments, a real estate developer in western India. "When workers come and tell you they can't afford essential food items with what they are earning, you have to raise wages."
To retain workers, some companies provide canteens with free food, clinics and even day-care and schools, in addition to on-site housing.
At the residential site where Charan works, for example, Emaar MGF Land Ltd EMAAR.UL - a joint venture between Dubai's Emaar Properties PJSC and MGF Development Ltd - IL&FS Engineering and Construction Co Ltd and Larsen & Toubro Ltd have all built military-style barracks for workers next to the construction sites.
Weak demand has so far not allowed developers to pass rising labour costs on to buyers, but that appears certain to change.
Rajan Kale, a tendering manager at port and road builder Man Infraconstruction Ltd., said rising wages trimmed the company's net profit by about 2 per cent last year, contributing to an overall 34 per cent drop in profit. His company plans to start including annual wage increases of up to 15 per cent into its project budgets, he said.
That may not be enough for workers coping with India's rising grocery bills. Last week, Kumar, the labour contractor, pulled his 15 workers from one construction project after its developer refused their demand for a 10-15 per cent pay increase.
"Workers are ready to switch employers for a hike of as little as 10 rupees," Kumar said.
Now his team is working for a different company at a different site - earning 20 per cent more.